How sterilisation tests provide important information on pharmaceuticals, packaging and product safety – by Isa Alkan, sales director, Schoeller-Bleckmann Medizintechnik
Sterilisation
Terminal sterilisation protects filled pharmaceuticals from microbes and ensures they are safe to use. However, the sterilisation process is subject to differing requirements depending on both medication and primary packaging, posing various challenges to pharmaceutical manufacturers. How high can a steriliser’s temperatures be without damaging the efficacy of temperature-sensitive drugs? What pressure conditions are needed to maintain the containers’ stability? Sterilisation tests help to determine each product’s processing parameters, from supporting pressure to loading procedures, thereby ensuring pharmaceutical product safety.
At first glance, a syringe reveals little about how complicated its production is. It actually involves a very complex process, from developing the solution, choosing and filling the packaging to designing the container. Even after filling, the process is not yet completed. For instance, depending on the active ingredients, many countries require terminal sterilisation of pre-filled syringes to ensure the safety of both product and patient. Parenterally administered pharmaceuticals, such as heparin preparations in syringes and infusion solutions in bags or bottles, generally place high demands on the sterility of the packaging. All these products need to remain free of microbes to prevent infections after administration. Terminal sterilisation of the packaged drugs eliminates microorganisms to the maximum extent in accordance with official regulations.
Plastics – a challenging material
Especially for new products, pharmaceutical manufacturers increasingly rely on customised packaging solutions made of plastic. These are often developed in close cooperation with primary packaging manufacturers to fulfill very specific design and marketing requirements. During terminal sterilisation, however, plastic containers may burst, warp or lose strength, making them unusable. Potential negative impacts on the product’s final validation entail long delays and additional costs for the manufacturer. As a result, pharmaceutical and packaging producers must create the ideal sterilisation conditions for different types of medication and containers. Here, invaluable support is provided by suppliers of sterilisation equipment with a wide range of product-specific processes and comprehensive sterilisation tests.
Terminal sterilisation is precisely tailored to pharmaceutical requirements. Depending on the medication and the approved procedure, different cycle times, temperatures and sterilisation media are needed to ensure the containers remain sterile and intact, and the filled ingredients maintain their integrity. This can be accomplished by various different sterilisation methods. Among the industry’s most common and preferred methods are the vacuum-steam process, the steam/air mixture process, and the hot water shower. Modern combined systems incorporate multiple processes within a single steriliser, thereby offering much greater flexibility in terminal sterilisation.
Finding the right process for each product
Solid and porous equipment, pre-filled ampoules and blister-packed products are sterilised using the vacuum-steam process. The air is completely evacuated from the pressure chamber and containers, ensuring saturated steam to penetrate even into the tiny cavities of porous items like plastic stoppers. The latter are subsequently heated and sterilised by inflowing pure steam. Depending on the type of load, the process finishes either with vacuum drying or jacket cooling.
Open, semi-sealed and completely closed containers such as vials and pre-filled syringes, as well as mono- and multi-chamber bags are sterilised by the steam/air mixture process. It allows products to be removed in a dry condition at the end of the cycle. The direct inflow of steam, which is circulated by fans inside the chamber, provides for heating and sterilisation, while cooling is accomplished by internal heat exchangers. Supporting pressure can be adjusted as desired, thus preventing deformation, excessive stopper movement and container breakage throughout the entire cycle.
The hot water shower is particularly suitable for liquids in closed containers, such as blow-fill-seal products and closed IV bags. Fast heating and cooling cycles reduce thermal stress on temperature-sensitive products to a minimum.
All process parameters considered
Liquids and packaging are subject to highly variable thermal and mechanical stress. In case of too high pressure within the containers, walls may soften or bag seams burst. To prevent syringe and vial stoppers from shifting within the containers, a so-called supporting pressure is generated in the steriliser. Thermally instable pharmaceuticals risk to spoil when exposed to high pressures and temperatures, thus losing their effectiveness. Hence, precisely tailored sterilisation parameters for liquids and containers are crucial. But how can the necessary formulations be determined?
Pre-tests including essential process parameters like loading, temperature, pressure, heating and cooling speeds, as well as product storage are key. Depending on container quantity and complexity, test runs can take from a few hours to several days. They precisely map the sterilisation processes required by different products – and in case of doubt, they identify whether a new product or primary packaging material can be sterilised at all. Pharmaceutical and packaging manufacturers not only receive extensive documentation and practical guidance. The tests also provide them with important indications to further optimise their products and sterilisation processes.
Negative results provide useful insights
The required sterilisation procedure for approved drugs has normally already been defined. In this case, test results can deliver valuable insights regarding which variables have to be adjusted in order to achieve even more efficient process and cycle times. The same applies to containers. Packaging manufacturers receive a detailed analysis of a container’s characteristics and potential weaknesses, resulting in important clues on how the packaging might be optimised. In case of a projected production line expansion, an evaluation of the loads capacities ascertained by comprehensive testing helps to determine the suitable size of the installation. Pharmaceutical manufacturers can thus invest in expansion projects according to their exact requirements, while saving time and avoiding unnecessary costs.
If correct procedure and parameters are still to be determined, test runs can be conducted as a kind of “stress test” to answer questions regarding sterilisability and packaging quality, as well as the most suitable procedure. Manufacturers save a great deal of time and effort during qualification and validation, and can accelerate the product’s market launch. Even if the test results are negative, they will certainly not lead to the cancellation of production. Instead, packaging and pharmaceutical manufacturers can target their efforts more accurately and accelerate the further development of their respective products. Moreover, specialised testing centers are also available to manufacturers who either do not own the right equipment or whose machines are already working at maximum capacity. Outsourcing sterilisation tests to experienced equipment manufacturers is an alternative that saves both time and money – while manufacturers and patients are always on the safe side.
The SBM process X-pert center
Schoeller-Bleckmann Medizintechnik (SBM), based in Ternitz, Austria, is a subsidiary of Bosch Packaging Technology with more than 35 years of experience in the pharmaceutical industry. Its portfolio includes standard modules and customised solutions for the pharmaceutical sterilisation of products and equipment, as well as professionally conducted tests performed on-site at the “process X-pert center”. Here, pharmaceutical manufacturers and packaging suppliers can analyse the sterilisability of their products, determine the best process and most suitable equipment, and optimise formulations, cycle times and equipment concepts.
At the “process X-pert center”, SBM offers all three sterilisation procedures: vacuum-steam process, steam/air mixture process, and hot water shower. Two state-of-the-art sterilisers, including a combined system incorporating the vacuum-steam and steam/air mixture processes, provide the flexibility needed to develop precisely tailored sterilisation processes for the most diverse products. Via sight glasses, products can be observed during test phases and additionally allow photo and video documentation. Test runs are further documented by experienced experts who also advise customers on optimal sterilisation parameters, from temperature settings to loading. The services of SBM also include the professional storage and disposal of the products.